learned that the methodology, introduced, and the place where the servers terminated that were stealing the information were not wear isis is. they are known as atp28, cozy bear. cozy bear was the name that crowd strike, the cyber security company gave for their interpretation of this malware package that went to russian officials. >> on c-span's "q&a." trump's president remarks at the nato summit in brussels at the unveiling of a berlin wall and 9/11 memorial at the new headquarters. we also hear from german chancellor angela merkel and the secretary general of nato. members joined president trump for a moment of silence for those that died or were injured in the manchester bombing this week.

>> [chatter]

>> dear friends, welcome to brussels to all of you. we will begin our meeting with the dedication of two memorials. our gathering today is an opportunity to chart our shared future and to remember our shared past. the berlin wall is the symbol of that past. it was built to divide europe, to keep people in and ideas out. in face of division, nato allies stood united in defense of freedom, democracy and human dignity. in 1989, the wall was brought

down by peaceful protests, by popular movements, and by the bravery of countless men and women across central and eastern europe. each day, all those who will enter this building will pass this memorial. they will understand that freedom will never be defeated. and that nato will always defend the values on which our alliance is founded. so, chancellor merkel, you were in berlin the very night when the wall came down. we welcome you here to brussels to the new nato headquarters and the floor is yours. chancellor merkel: your majesty,

secretary general, dear colleagues, nato's new headquarters will be the future point of reference of nato, a modern building like the building of this headquarters is a reference to the future. however, if we are to find convincing answers for the future, it is good to remind ourselves of what we have achieved in the past and what we can build on. this fragment of the berlin wall embodies the history that during the cold war had left its mark on nato for many decades. however, this wall also symbolizes something that has been a determinant factor for my life for many years. because i lived on the eastern side of the wall. and it is the division of berlin, it is an expression of

the fact that if we stand firm, as this nato, if we can rely on the courage of our friends from central and eastern europe, and then we can bring down a wall and make it something to be remembered. our alliance is united in the awareness of the importance to cooperate between freedom and we also are united in the trust that it is not isolation and the building of walls that makes us successful, but open societies that share the same values. ladies and gentlemen, with the end of the east-west conflict, a new era began. a new era bringing new challenges and new dangers. but we continue to be an alliance built on shared values. sharing solidarity toward its members.

germany will never forget the contribution nato made towards making our country become reunited. and this is why we will continue to make our contribution toward security and solidarity as members of this alliance. >> [applause] mr. stoltenberg: nato's greatest strength is the enduring bond between north america and europe. we saw the strength of that bond after the 9/11 attacks against the united states. and president trump, those attacks struck at the heart of your own hometown in new york.

and for the first time, nato invoked our collective defense post, article 5. one for all and all for one. hundreds of thousands of european and canadian soldiers have served shoulder to shoulder with u.s. troops in afghanistan for over a decade. to help ensure it never again becomes a safe haven for international terrorists. it is our solidarity that keeps our nations safe. and when our open and free societies come under attack, we stand up for our values and our way of life. that is why a strong nato is good for europe and good for north america.

the 9/11 and article 5 memorial will be a daily reminder of our vital bond. and today we will commit to do more in our common struggle against terrorism. so, mr. president, it is a great honor to have you here and a great honor to give you the floor. please. president trump: thank you. thank you very much, secretary general stoltenberg. chancellor merkel, thank you very much. other heads of state and government, i am honored to be here with members of an alliance that has promoted safety and peace across the world. prime minister may, all the nations here grieve with you and stand with you. i would like to ask that we now

observe a moment of silence for the victims and families of the savage attack which took place in manchester. thank you. terrible thing. this ceremony is a day for both remembrance and resolve. we remember and mourn those nearly 3,000 innocent people who were brutally murdered by terrorists on september 11, 2001. our nato allies responded swiftly and decisively, invoking for the first time in its history the article 5 collective defense commitments.

the recent attack on manchester in the united kingdom demonstrates the depth of the evil we face with terrorism. innocent little girls and so many others were horribly murdered and badly injured while attending a concert, beautiful lives with so much great potential torn from their families forever and ever. it was a barbaric and vicious attack upon our civilization. all people who cherish life must unite in finding, exposing and removing these killers and extremists and, yes, losers. they are losers. wherever they exist in our

societies, we must drive them out and never, ever let them back in. this call for driving out terrorism is a message i took to a historic gathering of arab and muslim leaders across the region hosted by saudi arabia. there i spent much time with king salman, a wise man who wants to see things get much better rapidly. the leaders of the middle east have agreed at this unprecedented meeting to stop funding the radical ideology that leads to this horrible terrorism all over the globe. my travels and meetings have given me renewed hopes that nations of many faiths can unite to defeat terrorism, a common threat to all of humanity.

terrorism must be stopped in its tracks, or the horror you saw in manchester and so many other places will continue forever. you have thousands and thousands of people pouring into our various countries and spreading throughout, and in many cases we have no idea who they are. we must be tough, we must be strong, and we must be vigilant. the nato of the future must include a great focus on terrorism and immigration, as well as threats from russia and our nato's eastern and southern borders. these grave security concerns are the same reason that i have been very, very direct with

secretary stoltenberg and members of the alliance in saying that nato members must finally contribute their fair share and meet their financial obligations. but 23 of the 28 member nations are still not paying what they should be paying and what they are supposed to be paying for their defense. this is not fair to the people and taxpayers of the united states. and many of these nations owe massive amounts of money from past years. and not paying in those past years. over the last eight years, the united states spent more on defense than all other nato countries combined. if all nato members had spent just 2% of their g.d.p. on defense last year, we would have had another $119 billion for our

collective defense and for the financing of additional nato reserves. we should recognize that with these chronic underpayments and growing threats, even 2% of g.d.p. is insufficient to close the gaps in modernizing readiness and the size of forces. we have to make up for the many years lost. 2% is the bare minimum for confronting today's very real and very vicious threats. if nato countries made their full and complete contributions, then nato would be even stronger than it is today. especially from the threat of terrorism. i want to extend my appreciation to the 9/11 memorial and museum

in new york for contributing this remnant of the north tower, as well as to chancellor merkel and the german people for donating this portion of the berlin wall. it is truly fitting that these two artifacts now reside here, so close together, at the new nato headquarters. and i never asked once what the new nato headquarters cost. i refused to do that. but it is beautiful. each one marks a pivotal event in the history of this alliance and in the eternal battle between good and evil. on one side, a testament to the triumph of our ideals over a totalitarian communist ideology, bent on the oppression of

millions and millions of people. on the other, a painful reminder of the barbaric evil that still exists in the world and that we must confront and defeat together as a group, as a world. this twisted mass of metal reminds us not only of what we have lost, but also what forever endures. the courage of our people, the strength of our resolve, and the commitments that bind us together as one. we will never forget the lives we lost. we will never for sake the friends who stood by our side and we will never waver in our determination to defeat terrorism and to achieve lasting security, prosperity and peace. thank you very much. it's a great honor to be here. thank you. >> [applause]

>> [chatter]

>> vice president mike pence will deliver the graduation speech at the u.s. naval academy in annapolis, maryland friday. live coverage at 10:00 a.m. eastern on c-span. historically black colleges and universities have been a part of the u.s. higher education system. on c-span2, a discussion about the state of historically black schools and the opportunities and challenges ahead. we hear from the head of the thurgood marshall college fund starting at 9:00 a.m. eastern live. you can watch both events live on www.c-span.org or listen live using the c-span radio app. this holiday weekend, on book tv on c-span2, saturday at 8:30 p.m. eastern, former u.s. secretary of state condoleezza rice looks at democracy around the world in her book "democ

racy: stories from the long road to freedom." america was blessed with founding fathers that understood and institutional design that will protect our liberties, our right to say what we think, to worship as we please, to be free from the knock of the secret police at night, to have the dignity of those governing you asking for your consent. were were blessed -- if we blessed with that, and we believe we were endowed with our creator of those rights, it can't be true for us and not for them. >> then the controversies around and perceptions of sounding black in his book "talking back, talking black." >> we have to be comfortable saying black people have a different sound because they

spend time with more one another just like when people do. -- white people do. that is not racist, that is just true and harmless. >> monday at 4:30 p.m. eastern former president george w. bush on his book "portraits of courage." >> the first guy i think it was major chris turner. -- i painted was major chris turner. i said why are you here? he said, i can't get out of my mind seeing a buddy of mine killed. i paint from photos. i thinkpainting turner, about what that must be like in his mind. >> for more on the schedule, go to book tv.org. on "afterwards -- "afterwards,"n chris hayes on how the criminal justice system is dividing the country. mr. hayes is interviewed by

author elizabeth hinton. >> it seems like ferguson is an anchor in many ways in the book. i wonder how your experience illuminated what you're talking about growing up in the bronx in the 80's. >> the thing about ferguson that blew my mind, if you grew up in a city, you have a concept of cities. in cities there are racial frictions, there are bad and good neighborhoods, all kinds of loaded ways in which police police communities differently, ways in which borders of never neighborhoods sit atop each other. all of the to me was time to deeply to the bronx, new york, or cities. i lived in chicago and d.c. and all of these things pertained. anything that blew my mind about

ferguson, is a municipality of 20,000 people. it is anywhere usa. it is between the northern edge of st. louis and suburbs. you just drive through it. it looks like anywhere. it is just strip malls and parking lots and houses. the idea -- what i experienced there was the level of exploitation, and the level of racial oppression, the level of invasiveness of policing, the intensity of the humiliation, just in this place that was heretofore anonymous. something about that blew my mind. 's bookrwards on c-span2 tv. regardless of your background, remember where you came from. hold on to the way so many of you reached out to mentor young persons through cares about

kids. hold onto the way you engaged in this community. make sure to bring that commitment to whatever walk of life you choose. >> bravery, not perfection was the key that amount every door that i walked through since. it took me 33 years to figure out that brown curls can do -- brown girls can do white guy things too. >> if you understand you are here because of a lot of help, you also understand it is time to help others. that is what this is all about. >> saturday night at 8:00 p.m. eastern, 2017 commencement speeches. speakers include former california governor arnold schwarzenegger at the university of houston, former vice president joe biden at colby codege in maine, girls who founder at scripps college. wc at aeronautical university in joint base andrews.

santa fe mayor gonzales at new mexico highlands university, and michigan governor rick snyder at adrian community college in richmond. on c-span and www.c-span.org. the court of appeals in richmond, virginia ruled 10 to 3 against reinstating president trump's ban on foreign nationals entering the u.s. from six mostly muslim countries. it upholds a lower court ruling barring akey section of that order that suspends visas from the six countries. a circuit judge wrote the majority opinion for the court. >> all rise.